The article examines key aspects of public debt management within the framework of fiscal policy, taking into account global socio-economic challenges. It is determined that approaches to debt obligations, especially in martial law, require adaptation in terms of resource mobilization and optimization of the debt structure. The study confirms that excessive dependence on external loans increases financial risks. It is investigated that a strategic approach
should prioritize financing diversification, development of the domestic bond market and reduction of short-term debt. It is found that the main risks include high interest rates, currency fluctuations and the need to finance the budget deficit. A comparative analysis of global debt policy is conducted, identifying best practices for Ukraine. Solutions are proposed for debt restructuring, the issuance of reparation bonds and the promotion of green financial mechanisms.
