Modeling and Analysis of Electric Bus Energy Consumption Considering Topography and Driving Modes

Abstract

This article explores current issues related to the use of electric buses in urban and suburban passenger transportation systems. The importance of a rational selection of traction battery parameters is justified, taking into account the required driving range and the influence of factors that reduce battery longevity and energy efficiency. A review of recent research confirms that electric energy consumption depends on operating conditions, driving modes, driver characteristics, road and climate conditions, and the design features of the vehicle. A methodology for calculating energy consumption is proposed based on the principles of vehicle motion theory, with consideration of dynamic driving conditions, road gradients, and regenerative braking efficiency. The object of study is the Solaris Urbino electric LE 8.9 electric bus, which was simulated along a real-world route (“Mlyniv – Lutsk”). Based on the obtained results, an analysis of the influence of various factors on energy consumption was conducted. The results showed that the longitudinal road profile has a minor effect under flat terrain conditions, whereas regenerative braking significantly reduces overall energy consumption. The results were validated through comparison with empirical data, confirming the adequacy of the proposed model. The presented approach can be used for electric transport planning, energy consumption optimization, and the development of requirements for charging infrastructure.